
6082 Me Nyuam Mos Txhuas tuag Forging
Thaum nws los txog rau me txhuas tuag-zam txim rau hauv kev lag luam muaj zog, 6082 aluminium aluminium sawv ua cov khoom nyiam vim nws qhov kev zam tshwj xeeb.
1. Cov Khoom Siv Txheej Txheem & Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom
6082 aluminium alloy yog ib qho nruab nrab lub zog al-mg-si series cov teeb meem ua ke, zoo nkauj} cov khoom siv cov khoom siv neeg kho mob thiab ntseeg tau, kom ntseeg tau nws cov kev ua tau zoo hauv cov kev siv thiab cov kev siv complex {8}
Tseem Ceeb Alloying Ntsiab:
Magnesium (mg): {0.6-1.2% (ntxiv dag zog nrog silicon)
Silicon (si): {{0.7-1.3% (txhawb nqa nrog cov magnesium, txhim kho hnub nyoog-hardening teb)
Manganese (MN): {{0.4-1.0% (rov qab ua kom muaj zog, txhim kho lub zog thiab tawv, tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua)
Tooj (CU): 0.10% Max (Muaj Peev Xwm Me, NationalMible nyhuv)
Chromium (CR): 0.25% max (inhibits recrystallization)
Cov khoom siv hauv paus:
Aluminium (Al): Tshuav
Kev tswj kev impurities:
Hlau (FE): 0.50% Max
Zinc (Zn): 0.20% Max
Titanium (ti): 0.10% Max
Lwm cov ntsiab: 0.05% Max txhua, 0.15% Max tag nrho
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom (rau kev tuag me me): Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm rau kev tuag me me hais txog kev kho kom zoo thiab ua tau zoo, ua rau muaj cov txheej txheem ze ntawm ib lossis ntau dua cov kauj ruam tuag zoo nkauj.
Raw Khoom Npaj:
Siab zoo 6082 nrum kev ua haujlwm lossis cov khoom tuav pov tseg tau raug xaiv los ua cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg..
Txiav:
Lub billet ntev yog precisely txiav raws li kev zam txim qhov ntev thiab cov duab, ua kom muaj zog, ua kom muaj kev tuag forging forging {}}
Tso kev sov:
Billets yog uniformly fared nyob rau hauv ib tug precisically tswj rhuab (feem ntau}}} Kev tiv thaiv kub thiab kev tiv thaiv kub heev yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.
Tuag Forging Txheej:
Siv ib qho forging rauj lossis hydraulic xovxwm, lub rased billet tau muab tso rau hauv ib lossis ntau dua cov kab ke ua raws li ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv hlau ua raws li cov khoom siv ua ntej, ua kom zoo nkauj sab hauv.
Ua ntej forging thiab ua tiav forging: Rau cov duab nyuaj, qhov no tuaj yeem koom nrog ob kauj ruam: ua ntej forging (npaj ib qho tsis muaj tseeb) thiab ua tiav kev zam txim (zoo li tus kheej).
Ib leeg:
Tom qab forging, tshaj flash nyob ib ncig ntawm lub periphery ntawm kev zam txim yog tshem tawm .
Kev Kho Cua Sov:
Kev Kho Kub Kho Kub: Kev forging yog rhuab mus rau kwv yees li 530-545℃thiab muaj rau cov sij hawm txaus kom yaj mus rau cov kev daws teeb meem {}}
Quenching: Txias nrawm los ntawm kev daws qhov kub thiab txias, feem ntau los ntawm dej quenching (chav sov lossis dej sov), kom khaws cov supersaturated solut .
Kev Kho Mob Laus (T6 Tauj): Kev Kho Mob Qub Zog Kev Nyab Xeeb (feem ntau ntawm 160-180 kev kho mob rau {1} {.
Xov & Kev Soj Ntsuam:
DEBURRING, ncaj ncaj, kev kuaj kom pom zoo, cov tshev ua kom nto {}}
Thaum kawg, kev sim ua tsis zoo (e {. g}} Cov khoom ntiag tug
{{02.} cov khoom siv mechanical ntawm 6082 kev tuag me me
6082 Kev tuag me me nyob rau hauv T6 Tauj Cov Khoom Taw Qhia zoo heev, haum rau cov ntawv thov kom muaj cov cua rau siab thauj.
|
Cov Hom Khoom |
T6 Tus Nqi |
Kev Ntsuas Cov Lus Taw Qhia |
Lub hom phiaj |
|
Qhov kawg tensile lub zog (UTS) |
310-340 mpa |
Longitudinal (l) |
ASTM B557 |
|
Paib zog (0.2% ys) |
260-290 mpa |
Longitudinal (l) |
ASTM B557 |
|
Elongation (2 nti) |
9-14% |
Longitudinal (l) |
ASTM B557 |
|
Brinell hardness |
95-105 hb |
N/A |
Astm E10 |
|
Qeeb zog lub zog (10⁷ Cycles) |
100-120 mpa |
N/A |
ASTM E466 |
|
Tawv muaj zog |
210-230 mpa |
N/A |
ASTM B769 |
|
Elastic modulus |
70 GPA |
N/A |
Astm E111 |
Cov khoom sib thooj thiab anisotropy:
Vim yog kev tuag forging txheej txheem, uas ua kom haum rau ntawm ib feem
Piv rau cov phiaj los yog extrusions, zam txim ntau dua transverse (sib tshuam mus rau qhov tseem ceeb deformation) cov khoom, nrog tag nrho cov anisotropy .
3.} microstructural yam ntxwv
Lub microstructure ntawm 6082 Kev tuag me me yog lub hauv paus ntawm lawv lub zog siab thiab kev ntseeg tau .
Qhov Tseem Ceeb Microstructural nta:
Refined thiab Demens Foob qauv:
Cov txheej txheem Forging kom huv si zom cov ntxhib li-nrum ua ke, thiab ntom nti, thiab ntom nti, nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb Forging piv.
Manganese (mn) cov qauv al-MN-based dispersids, zoo pinning nplej ciaj ciam thiab inhibiting ntau qoob loo thiab recrystallization.
Optimized thiab txuas ntxiv nplej:
Hlau ntws nyob rau hauv cov tuag kab noj hniav, ua raws li cov kab nrib pleb uas muaj kev zam txim rau lub neej zoo nkauj, tshwj xeeb yog cov khoom siv qaug zog lossis cov chaw ntxhov siab ua kom muaj kev ntxhov siab {}}
Cov kev faib tawm niaj hnub ntawm cov theem ntxiv ntawm theem (precipitates):
T6 Kev Txom Nyem Kev Ua Haujlwm Tsis Txaus Siab Ntawm Mg₂si Theem nyob rau hauv MG₂si Theem, Dispersed, uas yog thawj cov peev xwm ntxiv dag zog rau kev siv zog.
Cov kev faib cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov qoob loo tsis pub dhau cov qoob loo
Siab metallurgical huv:
Tuag Nco Ntsoov Yog Ntsim Tsis Txaus Ntshai, pub dawb los ntawm cov kev tsis txaus siab (xws li shrinkage, porosity, ntxhib inclusions).
Kev tswj nruj ntawm hlau (FE) cov ntsiab lus txo qhov kev tsim muaj cov teeb meem al-F-FE-Si Phases, txuas ntxiv txhim kho cov khoom siv cov tawv nqaij tawv.
4.} Qhov ntev tshaj tawm & kev thev taus
6082 Kev tuag tuag tsis txaus ntseeg tuaj yeem ua tiav cov duab siab thiab cov duab ua kom zoo nkauj thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom {}
|
Chaw ua uas tsis tau haus |
Raug loj npaum li cas |
Kev Lag Luam Forging Daus (T6) |
Precision Machining Divance |
Txoj kev xeem |
|
Max ntev / Inch |
50 - 500 hli |
± 0.5% lossis ± 1 hli |
{0.05 - ± 0.2 hli |
CMM / Caliper |
|
MIN Phab Ntsa Thickness |
3 - 20 hli |
± 0.5 hli |
{0.1 - ± 0.2 hli |
CMM / Thickness Tagsee |
|
Nta ntau |
0.05 - 10 kg |
±5% |
N/A |
Hluav taws xob nplai |
|
Nto Roughness (forged) |
Ra 6.3 - 25 μm |
N/A |
Ra 1.6 - 6.3 μm |
Profat |
|
Huv |
N/A |
0.2 hli / 100 hli |
0.05 hli / 100 hli |
Flawe Gauge / CMM |
|
Txoj kev sib tw |
N/A |
0.5 degree |
0.1 Qib |
Lub ntsuas cua / cmm |
Lub peev xwm custom:
Tuaj yeem tsim thiab tsim los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom kom ntxaws cad qauv thiab engineering .
Cov kev pabcuam xws li kev ua yeeb yam, ua tiav kev zam txim, kev kho kom sov, kev kho cua sov, thiab ntxhib / ua tiav machining tau muab .
5.}}}}} Kev Kho Mob Cua Sov
6082 alloy feem ntau ua tiav nws cov khoom uas xav tau los ntawm kev kho cua sov, nrog rau T6 Tem npau suav feem ntau tau siv.
|
Tauj Ntshav |
Kev piav qhia cov txheej txheem |
Cov Kev Siv Raug Raug |
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb |
|
O |
Tag nrho anealed, muag muag |
Nruab Nrab Lub Xeev ua ntej kev ua haujlwm ntxiv |
Qhov siab tshaj plaws ductility, qis tshaj lub zog, yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm txias |
|
T4 |
Daws cov cua sov kho, tom qab ntawd ib txwm muaj hnub nyoog |
Cov ntawv thov tsis xav tau ntau tshaj lub zog, ua qauv zoo nkauj |
Lub zog nruab nrab, kev du |
|
T6 |
Daws cov cua sov kho, ces muaj zog |
General Siab Zog Txheej Txheem |
Siab tshaj plaws lub zog, siab hardness, zoo corrosion tsis kam |
|
T651 |
Daws cov cua sov kho, artificialially muaj hnub nyoog, ncab kev ntxhov siab-relieved |
Yuav tsum tau kho cov tshuab machining, siab seem ruaj khov |
Siab lub zog, muaj kev ntxhov siab tsawg, txo cov tshuab sib txawv |
|
T652 |
Daws cov tshuaj kub kho, artificially aged, compression kev ntxhov siab-relieved |
Yuav tsum tau kho cov tshuab machining, siab seem ruaj khov |
Siab lub zog, muaj kev ntxhov siab tsawg, txo cov tshuab sib txawv |
Cov Lus Taw Qhia Txog Kev Xaiv Tsa:
T6 Tauj: Rau kev tsis nco qab cuav, zoo corrosion, thiab machinity, T6 yog qhov kev xaiv ntau tshaj plaws thiab kev ua haujlwm siab.
T651 / T652 Tempers: Rau qhov uas muaj qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb yuav tsum muaj thiab cov khoom siv T651 lossis T652 lossis T652 Tempers raug pom zoo kom zoo sib xws.
6. tshuab machining & Fabrication tej yam
6082 Kev Tuag Me Me Muaj Teeb Zoo Tshaj Plaws Machinability thiab Veldability .
|
Kev phais |
Lub cuab yeej |
Pom zoo tsis |
Lus |
|
Txoj siav |
Carbide, hss |
VC =150-400 m / min, f =0.2-0.8 hli / rev |
Tej daim tawg tawg yooj yim, cov nti zoo tawm |
|
Milling |
Carbide, hss |
VC {=200-600 m / min, fz =0.08-0.5 hli |
Kev Txiav Txim Siab Ceev, Zoo nto Nkaus |
|
Kev drilling |
Carbide, hss |
VC =50-120 m / min, f =0.08-0.2 hli / rev |
Loj helix kaum, cov av polished, los ntawm-txias nyiam |
|
Vuam |
MIG / TIG |
Zoo Weldability, pom zoo rau cov tub lim 4043/5356 |
Lub zog yuav txo qis tom qab vuam, xav txog tom qab kev sib tw hauv ntiaj teb |
|
Nto Kho |
Anodizing, Concersion Txheej |
Anodizing yog yooj yim rau xim, nyuaj, hnav-resistant, corrosion-resistant |
Dav siv, ua tau raws li kev zoo nkauj thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv |
Kev Taw Qhia Fabricance:
Luam ntawv: 6082 Hauv T6 Tem Fem muaj zoo machinability, tso cai rau ntu nrog cov khoom siab zoo thiab sab nrauv qhov tseeb.
Hwj txwv: 6082 yog ib qho Weldable alloy alloy, sib haum nrog kev sib tw ua ke ntawm cov hluav taws xob siab (Haz)
Lub cev muaj peev xwm: Cov khoom ua yeeb yam zoo rau hauv O lossis T4 Tempers; kev ua kom qis dua ntawm T6 Tem npau taws, thiab loj-teev txias deformation tsis pom zoo .
{{07. corrosion Kuj & Kev Tiv Thaiv Cov Tshuab
6082 Alloy Boasts zoo tshaj plaws corrosion corrosion, tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv cov cua thiab ntsev corrosion .
|
Corrosion hom |
T6 Tem Kev Ua Haujlwm |
Kev Tiv Thaiv Txheej Txheem |
|
Atmospheric corrosion |
Zoo tshaj |
Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb xav tau, lossis anodizing |
|
Dej hiav txwv corrosion |
Zoo |
Anodizing, Kev Ua Tau Zoo Txheej Txheem, Galvanic Kev rho tawm |
|
Kev ntxhov siab corrosion cracking (SCC) |
Tsawg heev rhiab siab |
T6 TIV CUA Blemently muab kev tiv thaiv zoo heev |
|
Exfoliation corrosion |
Tsawg heev rhiab siab |
T6 TIV CUA Blemently muab kev tiv thaiv zoo heev |
|
Intergranular corrosion |
Tsawg heev rhiab siab |
Kev Kho Cua Sov |
Corrosion Tiv Thaiv Cov Tswv Yim:
Alloy thiab npau taws xaiv: {{6082- t6 Tawv Nws tus kheej muab rau SOLGOSION tsis kam, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv SCC thiab exfoliation corrosion.
Nto Kho:
Txoj kev: Txoj kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws thiab siv tau cov khoom siv ntxiv thiab txhim kho corrosion-resistant thiab corrosion-resistant txheej, thiab tuaj yeem ua xim.
Kev Siv Tshuaj Conversion Coneings: Pab raws li cov cim tau zoo rau cov xim tha xim lossis cov nplaum .
Cov Khoom Siv Ua Haujlwm Siab Txheej Txheej: Tuaj yeem thov cov chaw ib puag ncig tshwj xeeb lossis ntau xws li cov tshuaj fluorocarbon, epoxy txheej, thiab lwm yam}
Galvanic Corrosion Kev Tswj Xyuas: Thaum sib cuag nrog cov hlau tsis sib xws, ntsuas kev rho tawm (e {{{}} g}} gi}} .
{{08. Cov Khoom Siv Rau Lub Cev Rau Cov Kws Tsim Khoom Lag Luam
|
Ntiag tug |
T6 Tus Nqi |
Tsim Kev Txiav Txim Siab |
|
Ceev |
2.70 g / cm³ |
Lub Hnav Txom Nyem |
|
Melting ntau |
555-650 degree |
Kev Kho Cua Sov Thiab Vuam Qhov Rooj |
|
Thermal conductivity |
180 W/m·K |
Kev tswj hwm cua sov, kub dissipation tsim |
|
Hluav Taws Xob Kev Tshaj Tawm |
48% IACS |
Zoo hluav taws xob conductivity |
|
Cov cua sov tshwj xeeb |
900 J / KGK K |
Thermal inertia, thermal poob siab teb muab xam |
|
Thermal Expansion (CTE) |
23.4 ×10⁻⁶/K |
Kev hloov sab nraud vim yog qhov kub hloov pauv |
|
Cov tub ntxhais hluas lub modulus |
70 GPA |
Cov qauv tawv tawv, deformation, thiab kev ntsuas co |
|
Poisson tus piv |
0.33 |
Cov Txheej Txheem Ntsuam Xyuas Parameter |
Kev txiav txim siab tsim:
Zog-qhov hnyav piv: 6082 muaj lub zog siab dua 6061 thaum tswj hwm kev ua rau lub teeb ci loj heev .
Versatility: Kev ntsuas cov khoom ua kom haum rau ntau daim ntawv thov kev muaj lag luam, txo cov khoom siv xaiv cov khoom nyuaj {}}
Yooj yim ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab sib dhos: Zoo heev machinesilability thiab weldability pab kom luv luv cycles ntau lawm thiab txo tus nqi .
Kev Zam Txim: Hauv qhov chaw me me, cov tuab microstructure thiab nruam growed tsim los ntawm kev forging ua lub neej thiab pob txha lov todure {}}
9. Kev paub tseeb & kev xeem
Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo Rau 6082 Kev Tuag Me Me Nkaus Nco qab yog qhov tseem ceeb heev ua kom lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo thiab ntseeg tau.
Cov Qauv Kuaj Cov Txheej Txheem:
Cov Khoom Siv Raw Khoom Noj:
Cov tshuaj lom neeg tshuaj xyuas (optical emission spectrometer) kom ntseeg tau nrog Astm, en, thiab lwm yam.
LANET NTO TXIAV TXAUS SIAB Kev tshawb xyuas .
Forging Txheej Txheem Xyuas:
Real-lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas ntawm forging forging kub, siab, thiab tuag mob .
Cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm forging cov duab thiab qhov loj me.
Kev Kho Cua Sov Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam:
Kev sib xyaw ua kom sov thiab kub ua ke (rau AMs 2750e chav kawm 2) thiab sijhawm tswj .
Quenching tshaj tawm xov xwm kub thiab kev siv agitation kev siv tswj .
Tshuaj Muaj Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Ntsuam Xyuas:
Rov ua pov thawj ntawm batch tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev tsis nco qab kawg .
Cov Cuab Yeej Cuab Yeej Cuab Yeej Cuab Yeej:
Tensile kuaj: Cov qauv coj los ntawm cov chaw sawv cev thiab cov kev qhia tawm (Longitudinal, transverse) los ntsuas u5.
Kev Ntsuas Hardness: Ntau qhov kev ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas kom ntsuas cov kev sib tw tag nrho .
Kev Cuam Tshuam: Charpy v-motch cuam tshuam yog tias yuav tsum .
Nondestructive Testing (NDT):
Kev Kuaj Penetant (PT): 100% kev tshuaj xyuas kom pom txog qhov tsis xws luag zoo li qub .
Eddy kev sim tam sim no (li): Tshawb xyuas cov chaw nyob saum npoo av thiab ze--nthab tsis xws luag, xws li micro-kab nrib pleb thiab hardness tsis-uniformity tsis-uniformity tsis-kev sib txawv.
Kev Kuaj Ultrasonic (ut): Rau qhov tseem ceeb lossis qhov loj me, sab hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis muaj qhov hws, suav nrog, lossis lwm yam kev sib haum sab hauv.
Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Microstruction:
Metallographic kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kom ntsuas cov qoob loo loj, grain recrystallization, precipitive morphology thiab faib, thiab lwm yam.
Kev kuaj xyuas sab nrauv thiab cov nto zoo tshuaj xyuas:
Cov kev ntsuas kho kom zoo siv cov calipers, micrometers, sib txuas ua ke ntsuas cov cav (CMM), lossis kho qhov muag ntsuas ntsuas {}}
SO saum npoo roughness ntsuas .
Cov Qauv thiab Ntawv Pov Thawj:
Ua raws li Astm B247 (Allo Alloy Alloy Forgings), en 15908 (ua kom muaj Rod / Kev Zam Txim), thiab cov nyiaj sau cia (AS (yog tias yuav tsum tau).
Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo: Iso 9001.
En 10204 Hom 3 {{{. 1 Cov ntaub ntawv xeem ntawv tuaj yeem muab, thiab thib peb daim ntawv pov thawj thib peb tuaj yeem raug npaj raws li cov neeg siv khoom thov.
10. Daim ntawv thov & Tsim Kev Txiav Txim
6082 Cov Me Nyuam Me Txhuam Tuag Tau Txais Lus Cim tau dav hauv ntau txoj haujlwm vim lawv lub zog muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab kev tsim khoom ua haujlwm, thiab kev tsim khoom ua haujlwm.
Cheeb Tsam Thov:
Kev Lag Luam Automotive: Cov Cheebtsam Tshem Tawm (E {. g}}}, Lub Cav Vaj, PowerTrain Cheebtsam, Lub Cev Qauv Txheej Txheem.
Cov tsheb kauj vab thiab cov khoom siv kis las: Kev siv tsheb kauj vab high-kev ua haujlwm tsheb kauj vab (e {1} g}, cranks}, carabiners, cov cuab yeej kis las, cov khoom siv kis las.
Neeg Kho Tshuab Engineering: Cov khoom siv lub cev, cov khoom siv valve, cov khoom siv sib xyaw, clamps, cov kis tau tus kab mob me, cov kabmob hauv tsev.
Khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob: Lub dab dej sov, cov qauv txheej txheem txhawb nqa, txuas vaj tsev .
Kev mus: Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb, cov txuas, thiab cov nkhaus hauv cov tsheb ciav hlau, nkoj, thiab cov dav hlau {1}.
Cov Khoom Siv Kho Mob: Cov thav duab thav duab, txuas cov seem, thiab lwm yam .
Cov Khoom Kho Vajtse: Cov cuab yeej siv, cov thawv ntim, cov khoom sib xyaw, thiab lwm yam .
Tsim Zoo:
Siab zog thiab lub tsho kawg: Muab lub zog zoo thaum ua tiav qhov hnyav txo qis, txhim kho cov khoom lag luam thiab kev txuag hluav taws xob {}}
Siab ntseeg tau: Tuag forging tshem tawm cov khoom tsis xws luag, ua rau muaj lub ntsej muag sab hauv thiab cov khoom siv tawv tawv ua rau lub neej muaj sia tsis zoo, {}}
Complex duab kom paub tseeb: Tuag Forging tuaj yeem tsim tau ze-net-puab complex geometries, txo cov nqi tom qab, thiab txo qis nqi.
Zoo heev corrosion: Tsim nyog rau kev siv mus ntev hauv sab nraum zoov, noo, lossis qee thaj chaw corrosive.
Zoo Machinability thiab Weldability: Kev pab kho tom qab, kev kho cov dej, thiab sib dhos .
Nqi zog-ua hauj lwm: 6082 Muaj cov nqi ua tau zoo dua piv tau piv rau cov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws alloys.
Kev txwv tsis muaj kev txwv:
Kev txwv lub zog: Txawm tias muaj zog dua 6061, nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem ntsib cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb-cov kabmob yuav tsum muaj zog, xws li thawj lub zog ntawm Aerospace txheej txheem.
Qhov loj me txwv: Tuag tsis nco qab qhov ntev muaj txwv los ntawm tuag thiab cuab yeej, ua rau nws tsis phim rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov loj heev .
Kev ua ntsuas kub siab: Zoo ib yam li txhua txhuas alloys, nws tsis haum rau lub sijhawm ntev ua haujlwm nyob ib puag ncig dhau 150.
Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Txiav Txim Siab:
Tag nrho lub neej lub neej: Thaum pib thawj tus nqi ntawm kev tuag tsis tau kev zam txim yuav siab dua li castings, lawv cov nqi tom qab ua rau lawv muaj kev sib tw dhau lawv lub neej kev sib tw .
Muaj peev xwm siv tau Equilization: Tuag Forging yog qhov chaw nyob ze-net cov txheej txheem, txo cov khoom siv khib nyiab.
Ib puag ncig ua phooj ywg: Alloys Alloys muaj kev hloov kho siab heev, ua kom haum nrog kev tsim khoom ntsuab thiab nce qib kev lag luam {}}
Cim npe nrov: 6082 Me txhuas tuag forging, Suav teb 6082 Meat Txhuas Txhuas tuag Forging Manufacturers, lwm tus neeg, Hoobkas
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